![]() To reformers that subordination was symbolized by the investiture ceremony in which a new bishop or abbot received the staff or ring of office from the hands of the lay ruler, who had in practice appointed him. church reformers, popes like Gregory VII (1073–85) at their head, tried to free the church from its customary subordination to the secular world. Name given by historians to the conflicts which ensued when 11th-cent. For further bibliography, see investiture struggle. boutruche, Seigneurie et f éodalit é (Paris 1959 –). ![]() mitteis, Lehnrecht und Staatsgewalt (Weimar 1933 new ed. ganshof, Qu ’est-ce que la f éodalit é (3d ed. In time the drawing up and handing over of this document replaced the symbolic investiture.īibliography: m. This document was given to the vassal and served him as proof of possession. After the investiture ceremony, an official document known as an enfeoffment or an instrument of enfeoffment was drawn up. The new vassal could not take possession of his fief before the investitute on pain of forfeiture (Beaumanoir, Coutumes de Beauvaisis, ed. It was accompanied by the payment of a fee to the suzerain: the seisin fee, or the chamberlain fee paid to the chamberlain if the suzerain were a great feudal lord. Investiture took place in the presence of two witnesses drawn for the most part from among the peers of the new vassal. For ecclesiastical fiefs, feudal lords used the cross and ring, symbols of episcopal or abbatial authority the use of these symbols gave rise to violent conflicts (see investiture struggle). The most frequent were the rod or staff, the glove, the ring, the sword, and the oriflamme (M. investitura, shows 98 of them in the charters of the 11th and 12th centuries). Du Cange, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis, ed. The symbols used for investiture were quite varied (C. The new owner was given possession by having placed in his hands an object symbolic of the real estate to be transferred (a clod of earth, a branch of a tree, a stalk of grain, a knife, a staff, or a glove). The origin of the investiture ritual must be sought in the procedures for transfer of goods practiced in the Frankish period. ![]() But by the 13th century the bond between homage and investiture was normal, and homage was sworn in order to obtain a fief ( Établissements de Saint Louis, ed. There were vassals without a fief and fiefs granted to men who were not vassals. Originally the personal engagement (homage) and the handing over of the fief (investiture) were not connected. Libri feudorum, 2.4), since the feudal lord did not hand over the fief until the vassal had acknowledged himself to be his man. Investiture normally followed the rendering of homage (except in Italy, cf. Investiture was concerned with the "material" aspect of the feudal contract, but obviously there was a close tie between the two concepts, and it is debated whether the personal relationship (homage) took precedence over the material relationship (freehold contract) or vice versa. Homage, like fidelity ( fidelitas ), but in a stricter fashion, created a personal bond between vassal and lord. He thereby assumed the responsibility of furnishing him with the services, especially military and court service, incurred as a result of the ownership of a fief. Investiture must be distinguished from homage ( homagium, hominium ), by which the vassal declared himself to be the "man" of his overlord. But this second sense of the word is the more usual in the Middle Ages. The Libri consider the use of the word investitura, as designating a symbolic transfer of the right to the fief, to be an impermissible extension of the meaning. ![]() investitura in the sense of possessio in Leges LangobardorumĢ.52.17). The Libri feudorum (2.2, pref.) call investiture in the strict sense possession or taking possession, i.e., the physical assumption of ownership of the fief (cf. Its effect was to put the vassal in possession of his fief (see feudalism). Lehnung ) is a ceremony comprising the symbolic surrender of the fief by the lord to his vassal. ![]()
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